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The Spoon

Daily news and analysis about the food tech revolution

Delivery & Commerce

DoorDash Rolls Out Delivery Robot and an AI- Powered Delivery Orchestration Platform

There’s a new delivery robot in town, and its name is Dot.

DoorDash announced the new delivery bot today, confirming months of rumors that they were working on their own robot. The robot, developed entirely by its internal DoorDash Labs team, is the delivery company’s first homegrown bet on delivery automation and street-level autonomy, signaling the company sees owning more of the underlying robotics stack that powers delivery as a strategic priority.

Dot, which is roughly one-tenth the size of a car, can reach speeds up to 20 mph. DoorDash claims the system is designed to travel across sidewalks, bike lanes, and neighborhood roads, providing it with flexibility in navigating mixed urban environments. Watching the video of the Dot (see below), it’s clear that the robot really moves.

“(Dot) is small enough to navigate doorways and driveways, fast enough to maintain food quality, and smart enough to optimize the best routes for delivery,” said Stanley Tang, Co-Founder and Head of DoorDash Labs. “Every design decision, from its compact size to its speed to the sensor suite, came from analyzing billions of deliveries on our global platform and understanding what actually moves the needle for merchants and consumers.”

As part of the Dot rollout, the company also introduced it’s Autonomous Delivery Platform (ADP). The company describes ADP as an AI-driven dispatcher that selects between human Dashers, robots, drones, or other modes based on order type, distance, and merchant requirements.

The company described its effort to build out the autonomy stack in a post on its engineering blog. According to the company, Dot continuously ingests multi-modal sensor data (LiDAR, cameras, radar) to detect obstacles, classify terrain, and localize itself within complex urban settings. That raw sensor input feeds into a perception module, which constructs a dynamic environmental model, identifying pedestrians, street furniture, curbs, driveways, and motion patterns of nearby agents. Above the perception player lies the planning layer, which reasons about safe and efficient paths, lane transitions, sidewalk maneuvers, and mode switching (e.g. segueing from bike lane to sidewalk). Finally, the control or actuation layer translates those planned trajectories into smooth motor commands, ensuring payload stability and maintaining robust compliance with safety constraints.

In a way, the announcement of ADP as an orchestration layer is perhaps more interesting than the debut of a DoorDash native delivery robot, as it marks a big move forward for DoorDash to build a multimodal delivery network managment system. The system will streamline “handoffs today while laying the groundwork for more reliable, efficient deliveries as autonomy scales.” The company stated that it plans to work with third-party delivery technology companies (like, perhaps, drone delivery as well as other sidewalk delivery companies like Coco, with which it has already partnered).

With DoorDash’s announcement, it’s work looking at the potential impact on the delivery company’s third party technology partners such as Coco Robotics. DoorDash launched its partnership with Coco Robotics, whose bright pink sidewalk robots have been operating under the DoorDash app in Los Angeles and Chicago since 2021. While DoorDash says it plans to work with third-party providers, framing of Dot as “purpose-built for local commerce” suggests a long-term intent to shift from relying on external robot vendors to deploying its own fleet.

After the publication of this story, a DoorDash representative reached out with a comment on their relationship with Coco and other partners: “Coco is a long-term partner, offering sidewalk robot delivery for DoorDash customers in select U.S. markets – including Los Angeles, Miami, and Chicago – as well as in the EU, in Helsinki – and we’re focused on continuing to scale that partnership. Built for dense urban environments and sidewalks, Coco is designed to handle a range of delivery scenarios. With DoorDash handling millions of deliveries a day, different types of robots are required for different situations – from dense urban areas to suburban neighborhoods – which is why our multimodal strategy is so important, and why Coco is an integral part of that strategy.“

You also have to wonder if DoorDash’s move to create its own delivery bot is an answer to Uber’s strategic partnership with Serve. Some might remember that Serve, which Uber acquired when it acquired Postmates, was spun out of Uber in 2021, and that Uber still owns a stake in Serve Robotics and that the two companies work closely together.

Drone Delivery is About to Get a Big Upgrade. Here’s Why Part 108 Will Change Food Delivery Forever

For those of you who are skeptical about whether drone delivery will ever become a common way to deliver your pizza or groceries, I’m there with you. Several key factors need to be in place to ensure drones can deliver items quickly, at low cost, and, perhaps most of all, safely.

One of the key hurdles to ensuring all of those things become a reality happened last week with the release of Draft Part 108 for Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) by the FAA. Part 107, introduced in 2016, set the baseline rules for small commercial drone operations, allowing flights within visual line of sight under a certified remote pilot but leaving BVLOS missions dependent on case-by-case FAA waivers.

The new proposed rule brings with it a framework for BVLOS operations that replaces ad hoc approvals with standardized pathways. For industries like food delivery, the new rules could be the regulatory green light that turns pilot projects into citywide services.

Individuals to Organizations: One of the biggest changes from Part 107, which put the burden on individual pilots (requiring each to be certified and limiting most flights to visual line of sight), is that Part 108 shifts accountability to the operating company rather than every drone pilot. This change acknowledges that modern drone delivery (especially BVLOS), relies on automated systems, centralized oversight, and coordinated fleets, not one pilot per aircraft.

Permits vs Certificates: Operators will choose between two regulatory paths designed to match the scale and complexity of their operations. Permits will work for lower-risk, smaller-scale flights in less densely populated areas and come with a cap on the number of drones (such as a limit of 100 for delivery services). Certificates are geared for high-density, high-volume operations in urban environments, and will remove fleet caps in exchange for stricter oversight, safety requirements, and operational protocols.

Operations will be governed by five population density tiers, from rural (Category 1) to major metro cores (Category 5). Permits only allow access to Categories 1–3; Certificates are required for Categories 4–5. For food delivery, that means suburban and exurban rollouts first, with dense city markets requiring the more stringent certificate process.

A New Player: ADSPs. One of Part 108’s biggest changes is the creation of Automated Data Service Providers which are companies responsible for real-time airspace data. This data includes:

  • Drone traffic and location tracking.
  • Weather integration.
  • “Strategic deconfliction” to prevent midair conflicts.
  • “Conformance monitoring” to ensure drones follow approved routes.

Operators must connect to an ADSP, but they can also become their own ADSP if they meet the technical requirements.

There are a bunch of other changes – I recommend you check out this great writeup by Matt Sloane. For drone food delivrey, it will bring big changes, helping to take drone delvery from what is essentially a novelty service today to a scalable service.

The primary bottleneck has been regulatory: BVLOS flights, essential for covering enough ground to make delivery viable, were locked behind an unpredictable and time-consuming waiver process under Part 107. Part 108 changes all that. By creating clear, scalable pathways (permits for smaller suburban rollouts, certificates for full-scale urban operations), the FAA is giving food delivery companies a roadmap to expand without reapplying for exemptions every time they add new routes or drones. The introduction of Automated Data Service Providers means operators will have access to the real-time airspace management needed to safely run dozens or even hundreds of flights at once.

Add in the push toward autonomy, standardization of safety measures, and population tiering, and Part 108 looks less like the regulatory green light that could take drone food delivery from novelty to serious delivery option.

As Robot Delivery Grows, Buildings May Have “USB Ports” to Enable Seamless Delivery Handoff

With this week’s news that Little Caesars pizza is partnering with Serve to deliver pizza, it’s clear that robotic delivery, whether on sidewalks, underground, or in the air, is fast becoming more mainstream.

Despite many of these startups working on technology for close to a decade, the robot food delivery process still has a cumbersome part: picking up the food at the restaurant or handing over to the customer in their home or apartment.

The main reason is that most restaurants and homes were not built for robotic delivery. Sidewalk delivery robots and drones can’t open doors or use elevators, requiring customers to visit designated pickup spots or follow instructions to collect food at the curb.

This might change in the future, according to Garrett McCurrach, CEO of Pipedream Labs. McCurrach believes that in the future, buildings will adapt to robotic delivery. “A lot of buildings in the future are going to have what is essentially like a USB port for accepting and handing off to different modalities,” said McCurrach at SKS 2025.

According to McCurrach, the goal on the restaurant and ghost kitchen side is to solve the coordination challenges of last-yard logistics, especially in environments where speed and efficiency matter most. “Being able to get things out quickly into the right modality, whatever the modality is, is going to be super important,” he said.

Will Buildings Have 'USB Ports' for Robot Delivery in the Future? This Founder Thinks So.

While drone landing pads and delivery hubs have already been deployed in the early stages of the drone delivery market, some are exploring how drones could deliver vertically within a building itself. A group of researchers at the University of Tokyo looked at potential scenarios of drone delivery in high-rises, essentially through what is a “USB port” at the top of the building.

Looking further into the delivery future, another potential big challenge is enabling multi-model (or multi-robot) delivery. Sure, delivering via a drone might make sense to some places, but a more realistic option might be drone to sidewalk robot or, eventually, a humanoid.

For McCurrach and Pipedream, he’s had to think about handoffs to other automated forms of delivery since the beginning, in large part because his delivery system – which consists of an underground delivery with specialized delivery robots – almost by definition will not reach the end-users home or work since the company’s network only delivers to drop-off points in building lobbies or other specialized locations.

“We build the underground networks to move things quickly to get to that end node. And then portals that hand off to a self-driven car, a Coco robot, a Zipline drone, whatever the right modality is to get it to its end destination,” said McCurrach.

But, if early USB technology is any example, over time, universal connections via coordination across ecosystems become more prevalent, as both physical infrastructure and robot-to-robot coordination increase, I expect the arrival of multi-modal robot delivery to be set to arrive at our doorstep sometime in the next decade.


From Aspiring Pro Surfer to Delivery Robot CEO with Coco’s Zach Rash

Zach Rash wanted to be a professional surfer. So much so, that in high school, there was more surfing than academics.

That all changed when Rash reached UCLA and met Brad Squicciarini. It wasn’t long before the two spent every waking hour together in a small room building robots.

“We spent like our entire life in this like box at UCLA with no windows, and we’re just building robots from scratch, and it was the best job ever.”

Eventually, the real world came knocking as Rash and Squicciarini graduated and had to find jobs. After applying for many of the same positions, they eventually decided they should just start their own robot company.

“We just had a lot of really strong opinions about what it would take to get these things into the world and make them useful. So… decided to do it ourselves.”

Coco launched in early 2020. “We started building them in our living room and we couldn’t get more wheels… so it was a bit of a sketchy robot.” Still, their first merchant deployment went smoothly. “The first day of the business, I mean, we gave it to a merchant and Brad and I just took turns driving it and fixing it.”

They faced steep financing challenges: “We didn’t have any money… Even if you’re only building a few, you know, it’s still going to cost you tens of thousands of dollars.” They pitched more than 200 investors before raising a modest $50,000 to start. “We thought that was a lot of money and we built a few robots with that and kind of proved out that we could run a service, not just build the robot.”

Their persistence paid off. In June 2025, Coco raised $80 million, led by angel investors Sam Altman and his brother Max, alongside Pelion Venture Partners, Offline Ventures, and others. 

This brought Coco’s total funding to over $110 million, which Rash says the company plans to use to scale its operations and technology.

“Coco Robotics will use the new funds to improve the technology and to scale up its fleet,” Rash told TechCrunch. “The company expects to go from low‑thousands to 10,000 robots by the end of next year.”

According to the company, Coco bots have delivered over 500,000 items to date, working with retailers like Subway, Wingstop, Jack in the Box, Uber Eats and DoorDash.

It’s only been a few short years since Rash was largely concerned about surfing, but now, armed with funding and lots of interest from retail partners, he’s ready to ride to the wave of growth of his robot delivery company.

“We’re building as many as we can as fast as we can.”

Zach will be speaking at SKS 2025 tomorrow, so make sure to get your tickets. You can listen to our conversation on the latest episode of The Spoon podcast below, on Apple Podcasts or Spotify, or wherever you get your podcasts.

While Amazon Struggles With Futuristic Retail, Sam’s Club is Doubling Down on Computer-Vision To Aid Store Exits

An interesting set of stories came out over the past week, which showed how two retail giants are leveraging technology to help consumers get out of the store faster.

One one hand, you have Amazon halving its Go store count to 16 locations, shifting focus to licensing its “Just Walk Out” technology to third-party retailers.

On the flip side, Walmart’s bulk membership club Sam’s Club is investing more heavily to use computer vision to aid shoppers to get out of the store faster.

The key difference? Sam’s Club is using computer vision for receipt verification. Previously, members had to stop at the exit while associates manually checked receipts, causing bottlenecks. Now, cameras at the exit automatically scan carts and verify purchases, allowing members to walk out without interruption. AI works in the background to refine accuracy, while employees are freed up to assist shoppers rather than policing receipts.

Contrast this with Just Walk Out, which is Amazon’s effort to eliminate the checkout experience all together which, it appears for many people, is still too weird and feels a little to close to shoplifting.

As I wrote last year, Just Walk Out is “a radically tech-forward evolution of checkout, but one in which Amazon appears to have widely overestimated just how many people would use it and how easy it would be to implement. Self-checkout fits most shoppers’ needs when they are in a hurry, and there aren’t that many situations where consumers feel they need to skip checkout altogether.”

CookUnity Acquires Cookin to Accelerate Growth As it Nears $500 Million in Annual Revenue

CookUnity has acquired Cookin, an online chef culinary commerce platform based in Toronto, the two companies announced this week. CookUnity, a New York City-based platform that delivers chef-created meals to consumers, will integrate Cookin’s 1,500 creators—ranging from home cooks to restaurant chefs—operating across 40 U.S. states and 10 Canadian provinces into their network of chef creators to power the company’s delivery service.

The deal will also bring Cookin’s SaaS technology to CookUnity’s chefs, providing a turnkey storefront that enables home cooks and chefs to create “Drops”—essentially short-term pop-ups without a big capital investment—as well as sell à la carte meals.

According to Cookin CEO Morley Ivers, the seeds for the deal were planted last summer when he met CookUnity founder and CEO Mateo Marietti.

“We immediately recognized the powerful synergy between our visions and the vast potential of combining our strengths,” wrote Ivers in a post on LinkedIn. “Together, we represent an unparalleled ecosystem that will make the food industry better, forever.”

While Cookin launched with a focus on smaller culinary creators, such as home cooks making meals out of their home kitchens (in this way, it was similar to the now-defunct Josephine or the Cook Alliance, a non-profit that launched last year to act as a marketplace for home cooks to sell meals), CookUnity focuses on chefs looking to launch an online business from their commercial kitchens. CookUnity’s expertise in logistics, ingredient sourcing, packaging, and delivery will bring additional services to the home chef community currently operating on Cookin’s platform.

On the ingredient side, the newly combined entity is launching the Ingredients Club, which will provide home chefs with access to wholesale food supplies. According to Ivers, CookUnity is responsible for spending around $100 million annually on ingredients for its chefs.

Terms of the deal were not disclosed, but Ivers says all 52 Cookin shareholders approved the agreement, giving them equity in CookUnity. According to CookUnity, prior to the deal, they were approaching half a billion dollars in annual revenue and growing at 80% year over year.

Robot Delivery Startup Starship Teams Up With European Food Delivery Company Bolt

Sidewalk robotic delivery Starship Technologies announced this week they are teaming up with Bolt, a European multiplatform delivery company, to launch a new food delivery service using Starship’s autonomous robots in Tallinn, Estonia.

The launch, centered in Tallinn, has the potential to reach up to 180,000 residents according to Bolt. Starship’s robots will operate from three Bolt Market locations—Tulika, Pallasti, and Mustika—via the Bolt Food app. During the launch period, customers will get to use the service for free (the companies did not disclose how much the service will cost post-launch).

Starship robots can carry up to three bags of groceries within a 3-kilometer radius. Bolt customers can opt for “robot delivery” through the app, meet the robot outside their location, and unlock it using the app to retrieve their items.

“This collaboration is not just about convenience and choice,” said Ahti Heinla, who cofounded Starship Technologies with fellow Skype cofounder Janus Friis. “Integrating our robots into Bolt’s service offers a scalable, sustainable delivery solution that reduces traffic and emissions. This is an exciting step forward toward greener cities across Europe.”

Starship, which was the first company to launch the first sidewalk delivery robot a decade ago, has completed over 7 million deliveries globally and traveled more than 14 million kilometers in 100 locations worldwide, according to the announcement. Operating at L4 autonomy since 2018, the company says its robots perform 150,000 crossings daily.

The two companies plan to expand beyond Tallin, but have yet to give a timetable for expansion. The news comes a week after Starship became the first sidewalk delivery platform approved for delivery in Minneapolis, delivering from Panda Express, Starbucks and Erbert & Gerbert’s.

Serve Robotics Partners With Drone Delivery Specialist Wing To Pair Sidewalk With Aerial Delivery

Serve Robotics Inc. and Wing Aviation announced a pilot program this week that will combine their delivery methods to extend the reach of restaurant deliveries across densely populated urban areas. According to the announcement, Serve’s robots will collect orders from restaurant curbsides and transport them to Wing’s AutoLoader hubs, where Wing’s drones will carry the packages to customers up to six miles away.

Serve Robotics spun out of Uber in 2021 and has since worked with the likes of Uber Eats and 7-Eleven. According to the company, its robots have completed tens of thousands of deliveries in urban markets. For its part, Wing, a subsidiary of Google’s parent company Alphabet, says it has racked up 400,000 commercial deliveries across three continents, working with food delivery partners like DoorDash.

This announcement is interesting because it represents the first integration of sidewalk and aerial delivery. I’ll be watching if this thing ever moves out of pilot since, as drone delivery has moved significantly slower in terms of rollout than many providers had hoped, and combining it with sidewalk delivery adds another potential complication that could trip up cautious delivery operators and restaurants.

However, if Serve can nail handoffs at Drone pick-up areas as suggested in the video (the choppy editing looks a bit suspect to me), I can see this becoming a real peanut butter and jelly combo for quick deployment of food.

Watch as a Serve Sidewalk Robot Hands Off Food Delivery to a Wing Drone

A Look at the Vayu One Delivery Robot, Which Navigates Bike Lanes to Deliver Your Food

Ever since the founders of Skype launched Starship over eight years ago, we’ve seen an explosion of small-footprint delivery robots that navigate sidewalks to deliver their payloads to consumers.

While these small robots sidestep many of the challenges and regulatory oversight needed for on-road travel, they are, in general, pretty small and usually only travel short distances.

However, a new company called Vayu, founded by former Apple and Lyft execs, hopes to make the robot delivery market (and our groceries) arrive just a little faster by jumping off the curb and into the bike delivery lane with its new robot. The Vayu One, which was formerly introduced today, is a larger form-factor robot which can carry up to 100 pounds of payload and move at 20 miles per hour.

You can see the Vayu One in action in the video provided by the company below:

A Look at Vayu's Bike Lane Delivery Robot

According to the company, the robot uses a transformer-based model (likely a vision language model) combined with a “passive sensor” that enables the robot to navigate without lidar (the laser-light-based navigation technology used by many autonomous automobiles). The company says the robot can navigate roads, and in-store environments, and also drop off the payloads at its delivery destinations unassisted (you can see it do just that in the video).

The video shows a worker using voice commands to control the robot and load packages as it navigates around the store. Unlike the smaller sidewalk robots like those of Serve and Starship, the Vayu One is somewhat sizable, about the length of an e-bike and approximately three feet wide. This makes me wonder how it will navigate within the narrow corridors of some small-format stores.

Interestingly, the company says it has already obtained regulatory approval to operate on some public roads in certain cities. I’m interested to see which cities have greenlit the company, as my guess is that putting a robot onto a public street – even if it’s a bike lane – would require a significant amount of regulatory hoop-hopping compared to sidewalk delivery.

According to the company, they have a deal with a “large e-commerce player” to deploy 2,500 robots to enable ultra-fast delivery. If the deal holds up, Vayu would quickly eclipse the fleet numbers of Serve (which has about 100 robots in the field) and other players in the autonomous bot delivery space.

Vayu is backed by blue-chip VC Khosla Ventures, which recently led a $12.7 million funding round.

Speedy Eats Readies First Unattended Drive-Thru Convenience Store Location for Summer Launch


Speedy Eats, a maker of unattended vending and retail technology, will debut its first location with a customer this summer. The company, which has been showcasing its unattended retail concept at its lab in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, for the past year, will launch with an unnamed food operator in August, according to CEO Speed Bancroft.

As seen in the video below, the customer drives up to the unmanned retail store and scans a QR code to verify their purchase via the Speedy Eats app. Once the items are retrieved by the gantry robotic picker system, they are deposited on a small conveyor belt, which delivers them to the consumer’s pickup window.

Each Speedy Eats unattended convenience store holds up to 276 items, including both fresh food and shelf-stable items such as packaged drinks and chips. According to Bancroft, the company recommends no more than 30% of items be fresh, which translates to 76 items. While the initial systems will not have a built-in microwave oven, Bancroft says the company has patented a packaging system with a degassing valve that will enable them to offer ready-to-heat food items alongside ready-to-eat fresh items.

The company initially worked on developing an automated unattended drive-thru pizza restaurant but pivoted over the past year to build its unattended convenience store system. The company also has unattended vending machines currently in the field in the Baton Rouge market.

Introducing Speedy Eats - An Outdoors Unattended Retail Store.

Pipedream Raises $13M as It Looks to Build Underground Middle Mile Delivery Network

Underground delivery startup Pipedream Labs announced it has raised $13 million in funding. Company CEO Garrett McCurrach disclosed the funding, led by Starship Ventures, with participation from Cortado Ventures, Myelin Ventures, and others, in a post on LinkedIn.

The new capital infusion will primarily be utilized to enhance Pipedream’s “Instant Pickup” service and kick-start the construction of an ambitious middle-mile network in an as-yet-unnamed city. This network aims to facilitate quicker, more cost-effective urban deliveries.

What the company calls its Instant Pickup service is when it deploys its underground delivery technology at a grocery store, restaurant, or retail store. According to McCurrach, an Instant Pickup system enables a restaurant or grocery store to hand off an order to a customer in less than 15 seconds. The company says it has 100 preorders for Instant Pickup systems, a number which likely includes its Wendy’s pilot announced last year.

The company says it will also select a city to build its first large-scale middle-mile network installation. While McCurrach doesn’t say in which city they will first break ground, he did include a graphic of a map of the Phoenix metro area with a diagram outlining a “small middle mile network”

McCurrach: “This year, we will be selecting a city to build our first middle-mile network (a large-scale underground delivery network that makes current deliveries faster and cheaper in a city) and collaborating with local government and city officials to maximize the benefits of our low-cost, fast delivery system for all their citizens. Construction is set to begin this year, with plans to start utilizing the network by next spring.”

My guess is the company will likely find a lot more near-term traction for its Instant Pickup business, as extremely short-range delivery within a given plot of land is much easier to deploy than a city-wide installation. It also doesn’t hurt that the company’s push into curbside pickup and fast food drive-thrus comes at a time when grocery stores are growing their pickup business and quick service restaurants are reimagining how they handle drive-thru.

Report: Diners Opting for Restaurant-Specific Apps & Kiosks While Deemphasizing 3rd-Party Delivery

A new report published by Tillster shows that quick-service restaurant customers are increasingly opting to use restaurant-specific apps over 3rd party delivery apps.

The report, which analyzed the results of a survey of over 1,000 quick-service and fast-casual diners, showed that the number of customers who used restaurant-owned ordering channels over the past three months has increased 25% compared to last year, and 17% of those surveyed say they plan to use third-party apps and websites less in the coming year.

One reason diners are opting for restaurant-specific apps or websites is that they see them as lower cost. 44% indicated they preferred a restaurant’s app or website because it was less expensive. Another reason is the benefits of native restaurant app loyalty programs; over four in ten of those surveyed pointed to the restaurant loyalty rewards and benefits available through a native restaurant app/website.

Another reason third-party ordering apps are losing their shine is the decreasing number of choices as these platforms scale back the number of restaurants they support. According to Tillster, 45% of those surveyed in 2023 pointed to a “variety of options” as the top reason for preferring third-party apps, a number that dropped to 36% of respondents this year.

The survey also asked diners what they thought of in-store ordering kiosks. The report says an increasing number of diners prefer to order using kiosks, with 57% preferring this option compared to 36% last year.

Why are diners growing more enamored with kiosk ordering? According to the report, a growing preference for kiosk ordering is because many diners see them as quicker, more convenient, and a better way to see ordering options. 34% say ordering with a kiosk is faster (up 10% over last year), and 33% believe it’s more convenient (a 22% bump over the previous year). The biggest reason (45%) cited by diners for preferring kiosks is they say kiosks show them all the options, up 10% over 2023.

While newer approaches, such as remote cashiers or AI-voice bots taking orders, have gained an outsized amount of attention (and, in some cases, provoked outrage), the reality is that the most significant transition taking place today is the rapid adoption of restaurant-specific ordering apps and in-store ordering kiosks. The diner largely sees these solutions as an added convenience compared to solutions that are more on-the-nose regarding technology displacing in-venue workers.